High visibility fabric and safety vest

ABSTRACT

A high visibility fabric includes a web of fibrous material and a fluorescent layer. The web has first and second major surfaces, and the fluorescent layer includes fluorescent pigment in a crosslinked resin. The resin penetrates into the web to surround the fibers and is bonded thereto, but the fluorescent pigment is concentrated at the first major surface at a level greater than at the second major surface. Because the pigment concentrates at the one surface, considerably less pigment is used in producing a fluorescent colored fabric. The fabric can be used to form a safety vest, and retroreflective sheeting can be placed on the vest to further enhance visibility.

This is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 08/240,075 filed May 9, 1994(now U.S. Pat. No. 5,478,628), which is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No.07/884,792 filed May 18, 1992 (now abandoned).

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to high visibility fabric having a non-woven webmaterial with a fluorescent layer. The fluorescent pigment concentrationin the fabric is greater proximate a designated fabric outer surfacethan at other outer surfaces of the fabric. The fabric is used formanufacturing safety vests or signage requiring high visibility.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Fluorescent clothing utilizing fabric with fluorescent pigments is wellknown. Generally these fabrics are heavy in weight and contain either auniform concentration of fluorescent pigment, or a coating offluorescent material on only one surface.

The term "fluorescent layer", as used herein, refers to the entirety ofthe fluorescent-pigment-containing resin attached to the web. The layeris bounded by a typically irregular designated outer surface adjacentwhich the fluorescent pigment is preferentially concentrated, and by asecond irregular surface, opposite from the designated outer surface,wherein the second surface is defined by the resin that penetrates andsurrounds the fibers of the porous web.

The only known non-woven web material used for fluorescent articlescontains fluorescent pigment which is dispersed in the web material sothat inner and outer surfaces of the web material appear substantiallyequally fluorescent. The fluorescent web material articles have highareal density values and experience significant mechanical breakdownafter only a few domestic laundering cycles. When retroreflectivematerial is added to fluorescent fabric, the visibility of the articlegenerally increases. However, the combination of fluorescent fabric andretroreflective material produces an article with even higher totalareal densities and weight.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention is a high visibility fabric comprising a non-woven webmaterial and a fluorescent layer. The non-woven web material has fusiblyinterbonded thermoplastic fibers. The fluorescent layer consists offluorescent pigment in a cross-linked resin bonded to the non-woven webto create a concentration of fluorescent pigment proximate a designatedouter surface of the non-woven web. The fluorescent pigmentconcentration is greater proximate the designated outer surface than atother surfaces of the web. The resin surrounds and reinforces the bondsforming the fusibly bonded thermoplastic fibers.

A method of manufacturing a high visibility fabric is disclosedcomprising the steps of providing a non-woven web material and applyinga partial layer of retroreflective material to portions of the non-wovenweb material. A preferred non-woven web material comprises the fusiblyinterbonded thermoplastic fibers and fluorescent layer materialdescribed above. The application of a partial layer of a retroreflectivematerial to portions of a designated outer surface of the non-woven webmaterial creates a lightweight fabric exhibiting high visibility to anobserver.

Another method of manufacturing high visibility fabric is disclosedwhich is suitable for large scale manufacturing of the fabric. Thismethod has a first step of blending a plurality of fiber types to form acontinuous length of non-woven web. The first type of fiber is a highmelting temperature fiber and the second type of fiber is a high meltingtemperature core fiber with a lower melting temperature sheath fiber. Anext step is to thermally bond the web, with a subsequent step ofcoating a surface of the thermally bonded web with a resin containingfluorescent pigment. The final step is to dry the coated web to create aconcentration of fluorescent pigment proximate a designated outersurface of the non-woven web. The fluorescent pigment concentration isthen greater proximate the designated outer surface than at othersurfaces of the web.

A lightweight limited wear high luminance safety vest is manufacturedusing the non-woven web material and fluorescent layer as describedabove. The safety vest comprises a vest body with an upper torso sectionand a waist section. The upper torso section and the waist section eachhave a posterior and an anterior portion. Retroreflective strips areselectively applied to an outer surface of the vest body to furtherenhance visibility of the vest to an observer.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic of the process cycle for applying a fluorescentlayer to non-woven web material.

FIG. 2 is a schematic cross section of a non-woven web material havinguniform distribution of a fluorescent pigment throughout the webmaterial.

FIG. 3 is a schematic cross section of a non-woven web material having amigrated layer of fluorescent material located proximate a designatedouter surface of the web material.

FIG. 4 is a schematic cross section of a non-woven web material with apartial layer of retroreflective material bonded to a designated outersurface of the web material.

FIG. 5 is a schematic plan view of a designated surface of a non-wovenweb fabric shown separating from a substantially continuous roll of thefabric, with strips of retroreflective material applied to thedesignated outer surface of the fabric.

FIG. 6a is a top plan view of an embodiment of reflective vestsmanufactured from a substantially continuous roll supply of non-wovenweb material.

FIG. 6b is a top plan view of an embodiment of reflective vestsmanufactured from a substantially continuous roll supply of non-wovenweb material.

FIG. 6c is a top plan view of an embodiment of reflective vestsmanufactured from a substantially continuous roll supply of non-wovenweb material.

FIG. 7a is a front view of a safety vest manufactured using thefluorescent fabric and retroreflective material of this invention.

FIG. 7b is a rear view of the safety vest shown in FIG. 7a.

FIG. 8 is a perspective view of a wrap-around lightweight safety vestusing the high visibility fabric of this invention.

FIG. 9 is a front view of a banner manufactured with high visibilityfabric and loop attaching means at either end of the banner.

FIG. 10 is an elevation view of a vehicle and operator outfitted with asafety vest, bumper and rear window banners, and an antenna bannermanufactured using the high visibility safety fabric of this invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The use of fluorescent materials as highlighting agents in textiles andfabric manufacture has developed over many years. Numerous articlesexist for safety purposes which include fluorescent pigments applied invarious manners. Also, the use of non-woven fabrics has been inexistence for many years, and with a marked increase in use of suchfabrics within the last three decades.

The inventors of the present invention have recognized numerous problemsassociated with combinations of non-woven web materials and fluorescentpigment materials. These problems include high areal density web fabricswhich are saturated or coated with fluorescent pigments. The fabricspresent weight and storage problems, and are not very durable inlaundering cycles. In addition to a mechanical breakdown of the fabric,substantial color transfer of the fluorescent materials occurs. Thecolor transfer phenomenon occurs to some extent when these fabrics areused as outdoor garments during inclement weather. In such cases, it islikely that the wearer of such fabrics will experience color transfer offluorescent pigment causing discoloration of undergarments worn by thewearer.

A non-woven web material may be used for high visibility fabricmanufacture which does not experience the color transfer problem asdescribed above. When combined with a layer or partial layer ofretroreflective material, the fabric becomes a very high visibilityfabric useful for garments, banners, and other products relating tosafety concerns.

FIG. 1 illustrates a method of manufacturing a high visibility fabriccomprising a non-woven web material 10 which has fusibly interbondedthermoplastic fibers. The thermobonding of these fibers occurs atvarious sites represented by thermobonding site 14. Various non-wovenweb materials and constructions may be selected for manufacturingnon-woven web fabric. Preferred materials are selected from a groupconsisting of carded web, air-laid web, hydro-entangled web, spun bondedweb, melt blown web, and wet laid web materials. After thermobonding ofthe non-woven web material is completed, the web material is passedthrough coating station 20 where a resin binder 12 is applied. Resinssuitable for use as binders include urethanes, polyesters, acrylics,vinyls, silicones, fluropolymers, polyamides or combinations thereof.The resin applied to web material 10 has a high saturation color pigmentor a fluorescent pigment incorporated therein.

In FIG. 2, a cross section of web material 10 is shown containing agenerally uniform distibution of binder 12 and fluorescent pigment 32.The saturated web material 10 is then passed through drying means 24where a heated gas is applied to a designated outer surface 28 ofnon-woven web material 10. Preferably the web is located relative to aflow path of heated gas so that designated outer surface 28 is contactedby a greater flow volume of heated gas than other web surfaces. Theeffect of applying drying means 24 (FIG. 1) to web material 10 in themanner described is to evaporate the water at surface 28 and createbinder and pigment migration toward surface 28. FIG. 3 discloses a crosssection of the non-woven web material, binder, and pigment. FIG. 3 showsthe pigment concentration effect of the heat applied to the designatedouter surface 28.

The more particular result of this migration process is a fluorescentlayer 36 consisting of fluorescent pigment 32 in a cross linked resinbonded to the non-woven web material 10 to create a fluorescent fabric16 having a concentration of fluorescent pigment 32 proximate designatedouter surface 28 of the fabric. The concentration of fluorescent pigment32 is greater at designated outer surface 28 than at other surfaces suchas designated inner surface 40, of the web. A two sided coloring effectis produced in fabric 16, so that one side receives the majority ofpigment and therefore has a very bright fluorescent appearance. Bycomparison, the other side or inner surface is pale. One advantage ofproducing fluorescent colored non-woven web material fabric 16 in thismanner is to enable use of less fluorescent pigment while stillachieving at least the same fluorescent color performance as in a webthat is uniformly coated with pigment 32. A second advantage of thismanufacturing process and the resulting article is to use fabric 16 inmaking garments where undesired color transfer is a problem. Placementof the lightly colored side of fabric 16 immediately adjacent a wearerof a garment manufactured with fabric 16 helps avoid color transfer fromthe fabric to the body or undergarments of the wearer. This isparticular useful in a setting in which the wearer may be perspiring oris subject to high humidity.

A preferred concentration of fluorescent pigment proximate designatedouter surface 28 is greater than 50% of the total amount of fluorescentpigment in the non-woven web material. Fabric 16 preferably comprises atotal fluorescent pigment concentration of less than 10 grams per squaremeter, and more preferably comprises a concentration of between 2 gramsper square meter and 8 grams per square meter. An even more preferablefluorescent pigment concentration is between 2 grams per square meterand 5 grams per square meter. Various fluorescent colors may be used toadvantage with fabric 16.

After formation of fluorescent layer 36, designated outer surface 28preferably has an original spectral reflected radiance of greater thanor equal to 100% measured in a range of wavelengths between 400nanometers and 700 nanometers using D-65 illuminant and with a 0°/45°geometry. A more preferred original spectral reflected radiance fordesignated outer surface 28 is between 120% and 190% with themeasurements taken at 600 nanometers using the above illuminant andgeometry. An even more preferred original spectral reflected radiance isbetween 170% and 190%, with the measurements taken at 600 nanometersusing D-65 illuminant and 0°/45° geometry.

A preferred alternate fluorescent color demonstrates an originalspectral reflected radiance of between 120% and 150%, with a mostpreferred radiance of about 140%. These measurements are at a range ofbetween 520 nanometers and 530 nanometers, also using D-65 illuminantand 0°/45° geometry.

High visibility fabric 16 is a lightweight fluorescent fabricmanufactured for excellent mechanical durability and color fastness, asmeasured according to methods and procedures of the InternationalStandards Organization. Preferably fabric 16 retains greater than 50% ofthe original value of spectral reflected radiance following up to about10 domestic washing and drying cycles, using, for example, a Maytagbrand top loading washing machine at settings of regular action, mediumload, 10 minute wash cycle at about 45° C., and a cold water rinsecycle. The detergent used is 2/3 cup of TIDE brandname, and ballastcomprises ten 100% cotton towels each measuring about 0.5 meter widthand 0.9 meter length. Fabric 16 is able to retain mechanical durabilityand color fastness under most normal wash settings, which may includetemperatures higher than the above nominal example.

Although non-woven web materials having different total areal densitiesmay be chosen for use in manufacturing fabric 10, advantages exist tousing fabric having lower total areal densities. In the case ofmanufacturing portable high visibility garments or signage, it ishelpful to have a lighter weight fabric. Limited use or limited weararticles are also an excellent application of the lightweight fabrictechnology disclosed in this invention. For example, a limited usesafety vest may be produced which is lightweight and relativelyinexpensive to manufacture compared to long life durable and highstrength vests typically worn by those required to be near vehiculartraffic on a routine basis. In addition, a limited use high visibilityfabric 16 may be ideal for storage and use during infrequent emergencysituations. As manufacturing processes are changed as a result of thisinvention to produce less expensive safety garments and devices, it ispossible to encourage greater use of those items to improve the healthand safety of a larger population.

In the example of a safety vest manufactured using fabric 16, it isimportant that the vest meet the same standards of light reflectance asmore durable vests, but the vest must also be compact for storage. Inaddition, fabric 10 must be manufactured to reduce the risk of staininga user's clothing by concentrating the fluorescent pigment at thedesignated outer surface 28 of the fabric rather than at an innersurface. This is particularly advantageous for situations in whichvehicle operators wearing formal clothing encounter emergency situationsand must use the safety vest.

To encourage greater use of fabric 16 in the manufacture of improvedsafety vests according to this invention, the fiber content of thenon-woven web material is designated as a reduced weight and lowerdensity material. Fabric 16 preferably comprises a total areal densityof between 20 grams per square meter and 200 grams per square meter,with a more preferable density of between 50 grams per square meter and70 grams per square meter.

An optimum combination of reduced manufacturing cost, increasedvisibility, and reduced weight is accomplished with fabric 16. However,to further enhance the visibility of articles manufactured using fabric16, a partial layer 46 of retroreflective material 50 and resin 51 isselectively applied to areas of the fabric, preferably at designatedouter surface 28, as shown in FIG. 4. Retroreflective material 50 may beselected from a variety of enclosed or exposed lens materials whichinclude glass beads, cube corners, resin beads, resin hemispheres, andother known retroreflective materials. Although the partial layer ofretroreflective material increases density and weight to an articleproduced with these materials, articles using fabric 16 remainrelatively lightweight. For example, fabric 16 and partial layer 46 ofretroreflective material 50 and resin 51 have a combined total arealdensity of between 100 grams per square meter and 300 grams per squaremeter, with a preferred density of between 100 grams per square meterand 250 grams per square meter. A most preferred density is 240 gramsper square meter.

Partial layer 46 comprises close packed retroreflective elements 52 inthe resin 51 that is cross linkable to the resin forming binder influorescent layer 36. Retroreflective elements 52 are preferably packedas closely as possible, ideally in their closest hexagonal arrangement,to achieve greater brightness. These elements may be so arranged by anyconvenient transfer process, such as printing, transferring, screening,cascading, or with a hot can roll. Preferred arrangements includecascading and transfer, and will be discussed later.

FIG. 5 illustrates in schematic form a top plan view of a fabric roll 62for providing a substantially continuous supply of fabric 16 arranged,preferably, in a continuous sheet having a width W. Retroreflectivematerial in the form of strips 68 are efficiently applied, preferably ina continuous roll manner, to designated outer surface 28 of fabric 16.Parallel sides 70, 72 of strips 68 extend parallel to sides 74 of thesheet of fabric 16. Other orientations are possible for strips 68, forexample in a diagonal manner relative to sides 74. Other shapes andconfigurations of retroreflective partial layer 46 (FIG. 4) may beapplied to fabric 16. Indeed, as disclosed in Example 4 and FIG. 8,application of a retroreflective pattern or logo 69 is advantageouslyperformed using a screen printed adhesive process or similar masking,spraying, and rolling techniques onto individual sections of a non-wovenfabric or retroreflective elements on a carrier. The resins used in thismethod of practicing the invention may be partially cured, for example,in the non-woven fabric and within the carrier for the retroreflectiveelements. A totally cured resin in the fabric may also be bonded to apartially cured resin in the carrier. These techniques are alternativesto the above described die-cutting and laminating method of applying aselected pattern of retroreflective elements.

FIG. 5 further discloses lines 76 representing locations of cross-rollor cross-sheet cuts or scores accomplished by known techniques formanufacturing continuous roll products. Circle 80 represents thelocation and pattern of a die-cut or similar cut which is made in fabric16 to create a patterned article, for example, a vest as describedabove. A cut along circle 80 separates fabric section 84 from fabricsection 86 with the latter section resulting in a wearable article ofmanufacture. Fabric section 84 may be further cut into strips or othershapes for use as an attaching member or other purposes related to theuse of high visibility fabric. As shown in FIG. 5, a simple andinexpensive process of manufacturing lightweight high luminancefluorescent safety vests is taught. Absent the circular cut pattern 80,a high luminance polygon shaped article is manufactured which is usefulas a high luminance flexible fluorescent sign. Further examples will bediscussed and shown later.

FIG. 6a is a top plan view of fabric 16 and strips 68 configured as asubstantially continuous sheet of rolled non-woven web andretroreflective material. FIG. 6a is similar to FIG. 5, but a pluralityof retroreflective strips are shown.

FIG. 6b is also a top plan illustration of high luminance safetyarticles being manufactured according to the processes disclosed above.FIG. 6b discloses the above described high visibility fabric,retroreflective strips 68, die-cut holes 92, and cross cut lines 94. Thearticle manufactured according to the process shown in FIG. 6b is anasymmetrically configured vest 108 with an upper torso section 100 and awaist section 104. The upper torso section 100 and the waist section 104each comprise a posterior and an anterior portion. The material of thevest comprises the non-woven web material and fluorescent layeraccording to the embodiments disclosed above. The retroreflective strips68 are applied to designated outer surface 28 so that an outer surfaceof the vest body will demonstrate enhanced visibility of the vest to anobserver.

The vest illustrated in FIG. 6a shows symmetrically shaped waist sectionanterior and posterior portions. However, the embodiment of FIG. 6billustrates a high luminance safety vest 108 which comprisesasymmetrically shaped waist section anterior and posterior portions.Posterior portion 112 has a larger surface area than anterior portion114. Posterior portion 112 also has lateral extensions 120 for extendingvest 108 from the posterior of a wearer in an anterior direction aroundthe wearer's hips. Attaching means are provided for attaching the vestto other articles or to itself. For example, attaching means maycomprise tie members 126 attachable to vest waist section 104 anddesigned for connection to another part of vest 108. In the embodimentillustrated in FIG. 6b, tie members 126 are connected to waist section104 and posterior portion 112 at each tie member end 132. Tie member end140 is scored or partially cut away from vest 108 during manufacture andis then passed through hole 144 in the waist section anterior portion tomaintain vest 108 upon the wearer. Tie members 126 include an optionalretroreflective outer surface layer 146 to further enhance thevisibility of the wearer of vest 108. Fabric sections 150, 152 areuseful as high visibility tie members, pennants, carry bags for vest108, or other applications requiring a high visibility lightweightfabric.

FIG. 6c is another embodiment of a cross-roll cut manufacturing processfor products made using the high visibility fabric described above. Inthis embodiment, the safety vests 108 are configured lengthwise alongthe sheet of fabric.

FIG. 7a is another embodiment of a high visibility safety vest 108 whichis manufactured according to the processes described above, but whichincludes tie members 126 and hook and loop fastening means 154 to closethe left and right anterior portions 160, 162 of the vest. FIG. 7b is aposterior view of vest 108 showing an outer pocket 172 into which may befolded the remainder of vest 108 when not in use. Closure means 176,such as a hook and loop fastener, is provided for dosing outer pocket172.

FIG. 8 is a perspective view of vest 108 manufactured according to thecut patterns of FIG. 6b. Vest 108 is a high visibility, high luminancesafety vest made of lightweight materials. Fabric 16 with strips 68 hasa brightness value of greater than 65 candelas per square meter per lux,with a preferred value greater than 200 candelas per square meter perlux, and a more preferred value of greater than 250 candelas per squaremeter per lux. The cross linkable resins and the bonding methods usedwith retroreflective strips 68 and the non-woven web fabric 16 createexcellent strength and durability characteristics for retaining thebonds between the two materials, even after repeated laundering.Retroreflective logo 69 also demonstrates these characteristics. Highluminance safety vest 108 is ideal for compact storage in anticipationof emergency use or other uses. Its added advantages includeretroreflectively coated tie members 126 which are designed fordangling, contrasting motion relative to the reflective strips 68attached to the main body of vest 108. This further heightens thevisibility of a wearer of vest 108, during reduced visibilitysituations. Anterior holes 144 may be sized to discourage movement oftie members 126 therethrough, or to restrict tie members 126 frompulling out of holes 144 when in use. Lateral extensions 120 provideoptimum side visibility of vest 108.

FIG. 8 also includes a fragment view of a portion of vest 108 having amagnetized element 188. Magnetized element 188 may be applied to a vestor even to a scrap of fabric 16 which might otherwise be discarded. Whenapplied to a fabric remnant, element 188 permits use of the fabric in amanner which enhances the visibility of the device that the remnant isattached to. In an emergency setting, even a glimpse of enhancedvisibility may create a lifesaving advantage. This portion of FIG. 8 isintended to demonstrate means of achieving even a minute degree ofenhanced visibility by providing a specialized fabric remnant or articleof manufacture which is readily applied to magnetizable metal surfaces,such as steel, via magnetized element 188.

FIG. 9 shows an elongate sheet of high visibility fabric 16 withretroreflective strips 68 bonded to a designated outer surface 28 toform a high visibility sign or banner 182c. High visibility banner 182is useful for placement on a fender of a vehicle which is in a situationrequiring warning or attention, such as a situation of which a vehicleis inoperative. Banner 182c may be attached to a bumper or fender of avehicle by use of attaching means 184, which may be elastic loops orother structures. Banner 182c is useful in many other applications, forexample, for advertising, portable signage, or hazard prevention.

FIG. 10 illustrates in simple form the powerful effect of using highvisibility fabric 16 to alert approaching vehicular traffic to astationary vehicle 190 and a vehicle operator 194 outside of thevehicle. In this example, both the vehicle and the operator arepositioned in a hazardous location relative to approaching traffic. Useof high visibility fabric 16, including retroreflective partial layer 46in the form of strips 68 or other patterns, greatly enhances thevisibility of the operator and the vehicle.

The banners may be readily carried within a small compartment inside ofvehicle 190. Before operator 194 exits the vehicle it is possible tocreate enhanced visibility and warnings of an emergency situation tooncoming drivers. A first banner 182a is positioned on the interior rearledge 198 of vehicle 190 with the high visibility outer surface 28 (FIG.9) of the banner facing oncoming traffic through a rear window of thevehicle. A similar banner may be placed in other windows as well. Then,after donning high visibility vest 108 within vehicle 190, the operatoris able to exit the vehicle and move to the vehicle antenna location(s)to mount high luminance, high visibility banner 182b. The operator thenattaches banner 182c to the bumper of vehicle 190 to create amulti-tiered warning system which comprises fixed and movable highlyvisible elements. A further demonstration of the hazard reductioncapabilities of fabric 16 is shown by the excellent visibility ofvehicle operator 194, even when positioned in a side aspect, to oncomingtraffic. This is enhanced by providing retroreflective coatings onto tiemembers 126 to create a visual image of relatively fixed and relativelymovable retroreflective and fluorescent elements.

EXAMPLE 1

A colored non-woven fabric is manufactured as described above using apigmented latex solution. The latex is applied by a variety of processesincluding curtain coating, foam coating, roll coating, roto-screenprinting, or knife coating. The latex is used as a carrier for thepigment as well as for excellent mechanical strength. A thickening agentmay also be added to achieve desired viscosity, which affects colorintensity and uniformity.

A preferred latex binder solution in this example has the followingformulation:

    ______________________________________                                        Component               Parts by Weight                                       ______________________________________                                        HA-8 solids (A copolymer of ethyl acrylate                                                            8.93                                                  and methylol acrylamide available from                                        Rohm & Haas Company under the tradename                                       Rhoplex ® )                                                               RM 825 thickener (A nonionic ethylene-oxide                                                           3.57                                                  based urethane block copolymer, available from                                Rohm & Haas Company under the tradename                                       Acrysol ® )                                                               Fluorescent pigment (EXP 5263 or EXP 5261                                                             3.57                                                  available from Cardinal Color Inc.)                                           Water                   83.93                                                 ______________________________________                                    

and is applied to non-woven web material and then heat dried at atemperature range of about 148°-176° C. for up to about 2 minutes.

Color difference data is collected using a CR-210 colorimeter,manufactured by the Minolta Corporation, on the L, a, and b colorcoordinate system. The data of Table 1 illustrates, for selected samplesshowing a notable two sided effect, the color difference that can beachieved between designated outer surface 28 and designated innersurface 40 using the process of this invention:

                  TABLE 1                                                         ______________________________________                                               Boldly Colored Side                                                                        Lightly Colored Side                                      Sample   L      a        b    L      a    b                                   ______________________________________                                        1        77.35  83.67    77.08                                                                              78.68  75.25                                                                              61.78                               3        79.81  73.64    68.28                                                                              80.34  69.40                                                                              60.96                               5        81.73  59.91    59.82                                                                              82.11  57.75                                                                              55.05                               6        79.22  70.71    69.13                                                                              80.02  67.44                                                                              61.29                               8        80.84  71.18    66.35                                                                              81.33  66.24                                                                              56.01                               10       79.74  74.95    69.09                                                                              80.50  69.76                                                                              59.08                               14       80.37  68.20    67.82                                                                              81.04  65.81                                                                              61.82                               15       79.73  75.27    70.11                                                                              80.37  70.40                                                                              60.21                               19       79.84  74.68    69.10                                                                              80.68  69.02                                                                              58.81                               ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLE 2

A retroreflective non-woven construction for fabric 16 comprises anon-woven web material and a retroreflective transfer film. The transferfilm adhesive and the interpenetrating binder for the non-woven fibersare preferably of the same chemistry. A preferred embodiment is anon-woven material comprising a blend of a staple, single componentfiber and a bi-component fiber, consisting of a high melting temperaturecore material surrounded by a low melting temperature sheath material. Apolyester blend in this example is 70% Hoechst® Celanese 121 and 30%Hoechst® Celanese K53. The K53 is the bi-component polyester with asheath having a melting temperature of 130° C. and a core which melts atbetween 250°-268° C. The binder for the non-woven material may be Rohm &Haas Rhoplex® HA-8, and the adhesive for the retroreflective transferfilm is identical. A preferred transfer film is made by arranging amonolayer of transparent microspheres of between about 60-100 microndiameter on a temporary carrier that has been coated on one side with athermoplastic material such as polyethylene. The glass microspherespreferably have a refractive index of about 1.8-2.5, with a 1.9-1.94value being most preferred. The microspheres are partially embedded inthe polyethylene and are vacuum vaporcoated with aluminum. The HA-8binder is then coated over the vapor coated microspheres. Theretroreflective transfer film is then heat laminated to the non-wovenweb material forming fabric 16 and the carrier sheet is removed.

Utilization of a common chemistry between the binder adhesive of theretroreflective component and the binder of the non-woven web materialprovides greater strength of the bonds between the retroreflectivematerial and the web material. This construction also permitsmanufacture of a lower cost product.

EXAMPLE 3

A method of preparing the retroreflective layer 46 comprises use of aself cross-linking acrylic emulsion composition which is cast onto amonolayer of aluminum vacuum coated glass beads on a paper carrier web.The emulsion is dried at approximate web temperatures of 90° C.,resulting in a partially cured film of 70 grams per square meter (100grains per square foot) coating weight and a tensile strength range of50 grams per inch to 500 grams per inch, with a preferred value ofbetween 100 grams per inch and 300 grams per inch. The paper carrier webwhich is utilized is coated on one side with a low density polyethylene.The polyethylene side is covered with a monolayer of glass beads, suchas shown in retroreflective element 52 of FIG. 4. The glass beads have arefractive index of 1.92 and a diameter ranging from 45 microns to 70microns. These beads are partially embedded in the polyethylene polymerto a depth of about 30% to 50% of their diameters by heating the web to138° C. The exposed bead side of the web is vacuum coated with aluminumhaving a thickness of about 650-700 angstroms.

The self cross-linking acrylic emulsion is prepared with the followingformulation:

    ______________________________________                                        Component               Parts by Weight                                       ______________________________________                                        HA-8 solids (A copolymer of                                                                           39.42                                                 ethyl acrylate and methylol acrylamide                                        available from Rohm & Haas Company                                            under the tradename Rhoplex ® )                                           ASE-60 solids (28 weight percent copolymer and                                                        2.06                                                  82 weight percent water, available from Rohm &                                Haas Company, under the tradename Acrysol ® )                             Foamaster ® DF-160-L (An antifoam agent                                                           0.23                                                  available from Henkel Corporation) diluted to 50%                             with water                                                                    Ammonium nitrate catalyst (diluted with                                                               0.47                                                  water 10.6:90.4 by weight)                                                    Ammonium Hydroxide (aqueous 28-30% weight                                                             0.31                                                  percent)                                                                      Silane coupling agent (Available as Z 6040 from                                                       1.96                                                  Dow Corning Company)                                                          Water                   55.55                                                 ______________________________________                                    

and is coated onto the aluminumized beads. A nitrogenous thermosettingresin catalyst may be added to enhance curing. However, in thisembodiment the catalyst is omitted in order to maintain a thermoplasticstate so that the partially cured film may be heat laminated to adesirable substrate at a later time. The heat of lamination ispreferably in a range of between about 93° C. to 205° C. Afterlamination, the polyethylene coated paper is stripped away exposing theretroreflective elements. It is recognized that other embodiments maycomprise thermoplastic films as tie layers to allow for lowertemperature transfers. For example, polyester and polyurethane filmshave been successfully used as tie layers, as well as certain pressuresensitive adhesives.

EXAMPLE 4

A retroreflective logo or graphic, such as depicted in FIG. 8, isapplied to fluorescent non-woven fabric. The paper carrier web which isutilized is coated on one side with a low density polyethylene. Thepolyethylene side is covered with a monolayer of glass beads, such asshown in the retroreflective element 52 of FIG. 4. The glass beads havea refractive index of 1.92 and a diameter ranging from 45 microns to 70microns. These beads are partially embedded in the polyethylene polymerto a depth of about 30% to 50% of their diameters by heating the web to138° C. The exposed bead side of the web is vacuum coated with aluminumhaving a thickness of about 650-700 angstroms. Using the sameself-linking emulsion (binder) as in the fabric and as in Example 2above, the emulsion is screen printed onto the vaporcoated microspheres.The open area of a screen with 92 threads per inch is used to create thegraphic or logo image. The non-woven fabric is then laid on to the vaporcoat with the printed emulsion between the microspheres and the fabric.The structure is then cured at 121° C. for 10 minutes. The sample isthen cooled and the carrier is stripped away leaving the retroreflectiveimage on the non-woven fabric. Retroreflective brightness is between 200and 400 candelas per lux per square meter.

What is claimed is:
 1. A high visibility fabric that comprises:a) a webof fibrous material having first and second major surfaces; and b) afluorescent layer comprising fluorescent pigment in a cross-linkedresin, the fabric being characterized in that the resin penetrates intothe web to surround the fibers and is bonded thereto, but thefluorescent pigment is concentrated at the first major surface of theweb at a level greater than at the second major surface.
 2. The highvisibility fabric of claim 1, wherein there is a decreasing gradient ofpigment concentration from the first major surface to the second majorsurface.
 3. The high visibility fabric of claim 2, wherein greater than50 percent of the total fluorescent pigment is concentrated at the firstmajor surface.
 4. The high visibility fabric of claims 1, wherein theweb of fibrous material includes a nonwoven web comprising fusiblyinterbonded thermoplastic fibers, and wherein the fluorescent layer isbonded to the nonwoven web such that the crosslinked resin surrounds andreinforces bonds between the fusibly interbonded thermoplastic fibers.5. The high visibility fabric of claim 1, wherein the fabric has a totalareal density of 20 grams per square meter to 200 grams per squaremeter.
 6. The high visibility fabric of claim 1, wherein the fabric hasa fluorescent pigment concentration of 2 to 8 grams per square meter. 7.The high visibility fabric of claim 1, wherein the fabric has a spectralreflected radiance of 170 to 190 percent measured at a range of 400 to700 nanometers using D-65 illuminant and 0°/45° geometry.
 8. The highvisibility fabric of claim 1 further comprising a retroreflectivesheeting that is secured to the first major surface of the web.
 9. Thehigh visibility fabric of claim 1, wherein the web is nonwoven andcomprises bicomponent sheath core fibers.
 10. A safety vest comprisingthe high visibility fabric of claim 1, the being fabric is configured inthe shape of a vest sized to fit a person.
 11. The safety vest of claim9, having a retroreflective sheeting disposed on the outer surfacethereof.